Integration Of Vigilante Group Of Nigeria (VGN) Into National Security Architecture Vs. The Clamour For State Police: An Analysis For Peace And Security.

By Akubo A. Akubo

Foremostly, Vigilante Group of Nigeria (VGN) is the most organised yet-to-be full State actor in the security architecture of Nigeria, but an amalgamation of most Community-based organisations and States Vigilante Services, incorporated under the Laws of the Federal Republic of Nigeria.

However, despite the fact that Vigilante Group of Nigeria (VGN) Members are well trained by the Nigeria Police, Army, DSS, NSCDC, with gallant and giant security operational strides, especially in communities and ungoverned spaces, some sections of the public erroneously refer to VGN as “local vigilantes”

Be that as it may, the purpose of this article is to analyze the clamour for possible establishment of State Police in Nigeria, with quietness over the very critical need to consider responsible integration and management of the already trained members of the Vigilante Group of Nigeria (VGN), which is germane to community and national security.

Apart from the heightened level of insecurity in Nigeria and the genuine agitations for possible solutions, let us look at statistical value of the numerical strength of Nigeria Armed Forces and the Police versus the Vigilante Group of Nigeria (VGN).

Though subject to further enquiry, it is stated that the Nigerian Armed Forces have a numerical strength of approximately 280,000 personnel, with 230,000 active military personnel. Here’s a breakdown of the forces:

• Active Personnel: 230,000
• Reserve Personnel: 0
• Paramilitary: 50,000
• Total Military Personnel: 280,000

The Nigerian Army is the largest component, with around 160,000 personnel in 2020. The country’s military strength is bolstered by ongoing modernization efforts, including the acquisition of new aircraft and advanced training programs.

The Nigeria Police Force is said to have a numerical strength of approximately 371,800 officers, serving a population of around 236.7 million people. However, it’s worth noting that more than 100,000 police officers are currently assigned to protect politicians and VIPs, rather than focusing on community policing and crime prevention.

To address the country’s security challenges, President Bola Tinubu has approved the recruitment of an additional 50,000 police officers, bringing the total to 420,800. The Inspector-General of Police, Kayode Egbetokun, has stated that the force needs an extra 190,000 personnel to effectively tackle crimes and achieve the UN-recommended police-to-citizen ratio.

Meanwhile, VGN Numerical Strength is estimated at not less than 1.4 Million.

In this regard and on the corollary, abandoning trained security personnels like Vigilante Group of Nigeria (VGN) on use of arms and intelligence gathering can pose significant risks, including indiscriminate and unauthorized Use of Firearms, as access to firearms, potentially lead to misuse or violence with attendant security breaches that may compromise security protocols, putting lives and assets at risk.

In recent times, President Ahmed Bola Tinubu, GCFR seems to be heeding to the call of some State Governors for the creation of State Police in Nigeria. While struggling to manage the current Nigeria Police Force associated with inadequate funding, it is alarmingly preposterous to think of establishing State Police in the country.

Meanwhile, it should be noted that Vigilante Group of Nigeria (VGN) which has been in existence since 1980s has been prominently engaged in Community and State Policing.

Therefore, this feature article examines the role of Vigilante Group of Nigeria (VGN) as an alternative security outfit that should be considered for presidential assent to its Bill instead of establishing State Police.

VGN VS STATE POLICING

In recent years, Nigeria has faced significant challenges regarding security, with rising crime rates, insurgency, and inadequate state policing mechanisms. As a response, various communities have formed vigilante groups, aiming to supplement or, in some cases, replace state security forces which led to the formation of the mega Vigilante Group of Nigeria (VGN).

STATE POLICE MODELS IN ADVANCED CLIMES

Establishing a State Police in Nigeria involves examining models from developed countries, highlighting potential benefits and challenges. Below is the analysis based on various aspects:

1. Framework and Structure

• United States: State police operate under state jurisdiction, focusing on highway patrol, traffic enforcement, and support for local police. They often have specialized units for drug enforcement, cybercrime, and more.
• Germany: The federal structure allows for state-level police (Landespolizei) that handle law enforcement within their states, while the Bundespolizei manages federal issues. This dual system allows for tailored policing that addresses local needs.
  In the United States, state police and local police serve distinct roles within the law enforcement framework. Here are the key differences:

1. Jurisdiction

• State Police: Operate at the state level and have jurisdiction across the entire state. They often handle law enforcement on highways, assist local police, and address crimes that cross county lines.
• Local Police: Operate within specific municipalities (cities, towns, or counties). Their jurisdiction is limited to the areas they serve, focusing on community policing and local issues.

1. Responsibilities

• State Police: Typically responsible for:
  • Highway patrol
  • Investigating state-level crimes (e.g., drug trafficking, organized crime)
  • Assisting local law enforcement agencies
  • Providing specialized services (e.g., SWAT, K-9 units)
• Local Police: Primarily handle:
  • Patrol and respond to emergencies within their jurisdiction
  • Investigate local crimes (e.g., theft, assault)
  • Engage in community policing initiatives

1. Funding and Administration

• State Police: Funded primarily by the state government, often through state budgets and grants. They operate under a state-level agency (e.g., Department of Public Safety).
• Local Police: Funded by local government budgets (city or county). They operate under city councils or county boards.

1. Training and Standards

• State Police: Often undergo a more extensive training program focusing on statewide law enforcement responsibilities and specialized skills.
• Local Police: Training can vary widely by department but generally focuses on local laws, community engagement, and basic law enforcement techniques.

1. Interagency Collaboration

• State Police: Frequently collaborate with federal agencies and local police on larger investigations, especially those involving interstate crime.
• Local Police: Primarily collaborate with state police when issues extend beyond local jurisdiction or require additional resources.

1. Examples

• State Police: California Highway Patrol (CHP), Texas Department of Public Safety.
• Local Police: New York City Police Department (NYPD), Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD
  State police and local police in the U.S. complement each other, with state police providing broader support and resources while local police focus on community-specific law enforcement needs In the United States, federal or national police agencies operate at the national level and have distinct roles and responsibilities compared to state and local law enforcement. Here are key aspects of federal law enforcement:

1. Jurisdiction

• Federal Police: Have jurisdiction across the entire country. They enforce federal laws and regulations, which can include issues that cross state lines or involve federal interests.

1. Key Agencies

• FBI (Federal Bureau of Investigation): Investigates and enforces federal laws related to national security, counterterrorism, cybercrime, and civil rights.
• DEA (Drug Enforcement Administration): Focuses on combating drug trafficking and abuse.
• ATF (Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives): Enforces laws related to firearms, explosives, and alcohol and tobacco regulation.
• ICE (Immigration and Customs Enforcement): Enforces immigration laws and investigates customs violations.

1. Responsibilities

• Investigation: Federal agencies investigate crimes that violate federal laws, such as terrorism, drug trafficking, and organized crime.
• Enforcement: They have the authority to make arrests, execute search warrants, and carry firearms.
• Intelligence Gathering: Many federal agencies gather and analyze intelligence related to national security threats.

1. Funding and Administration

• Federal Agencies: Funded through federal budgets and appropriations. They report to federal departments (e.g., Department of Justice for the FBI).

1. Collaboration with Other Law Enforcement

• Joint Task Forces: Federal agencies often work with state and local law enforcement through joint task forces to address specific issues, such as drug trafficking or terrorism.
• Training and Resources: Federal agencies may provide training, resources, and support to state and local law enforcement when needed.

1. Limitations

• Scope of Authority: Federal law enforcement typically does not intervene in local law enforcement matters unless federal laws are being violated or there is a significant threat to national security.
• Interagency Coordination: Coordination among federal, state, and local agencies can sometimes be challenging due to differences in priorities and procedures.
  Federal law enforcement in the U.S. plays a crucial role in upholding national laws and addressing crimes that transcend local jurisdictions. They complement the efforts of state and local police by addressing broader issues of national concern.

1. Benefits of VGN As State Police in Nigeria

• Local Accountability VGN, when localized as State police forces can better understand community dynamics and needs, leading to more effective policing.
• Resource Allocation: Vigilante Group of Nigeria (VGN) used as State Police can prioritize resources and strategies based on regional crime patterns and social issues.
• Improved Response Times: VGN With Greater proximity to communities can enhance response times to emergencies and public safety concerns.

1. Challenges

• Funding and Resources: Establishing a state police force requires significant funding, training, and infrastructure, which may strain state budgets.
• Political Interference: There is a risk of state police being used for political motives, undermining their independence and integrity.
• Coordination with Federal Agencies: Ensuring effective communication and cooperation between state and federal law enforcement is crucial to avoid jurisdictional conflicts.

1. Best Practices from Developed Countries

• Training and Standards: Rigorous training and national standards in recruitment and conduct help maintain professionalism.
• Community Policing: Engaging the community in policing strategies fosters trust and collaboration between law enforcement and citizens.
• Technology Utilization: Leveraging technology for data collection, crime analysis, and communication can enhance operational efficiency.

1. Public Perception and Trust

• Building Trust: Initiatives that promote transparency, accountability, and community engagement can help build trust in state police forces.
• Public Involvement: Involving citizens in decision-making processes regarding policing can enhance legitimacy and acceptance.

Establishing a State Police in Nigeria, modeled after successful systems in developed countries, could lead to improved law enforcement tailored to local needs but it is more cost-effective and cost-efficient if the VIGILANTE GROUP OF NIGERIA (VGN) which is already established on ground at the grassroots level can be transformed into the State Police apparatuses or should be accorded legal backing by signing its Bill into Law . However, careful planning, adequate funding, and strong safeguards against political misuse are essential to ensure its effectiveness and integrity.

Rationale for Establishment of Vigilante Group of Nigeria (VGN)

The creation of Vigilante Group of Nigeria (VGN) from 1983 by late Dr. (Alhaji) Ali Sokoto can be attributed to the need to address growing concerns over crime and insecurity in many communities especially in rural areas, which are hard to reach or be fully covered by state security forces, which often are perceived as under-resourced, or ineffective. As a result, local populations have taken it upon themselves to establish their own security measures was galvanized into the Vigilante Group of Nigeria (VGN), registered in 1999. Today, a retired Navy Captain, Ambassador of Peace, Dr. Abubakar Umar Bakori, is the National Chairman/Commandant-General of VGN.

KEY CHARACTERISTICS OF VIGILANTE GROUP OF NIGERIA (VGN) DISTINCT FROM LOCAL VIGILANTES

1. Community-Based: Vigilante Group of Nigeria (VGN) typically composed of Community-based trained officers and men who understand the unique security challenges their communities face. This local knowledge can enhance their effectiveness in addressing specific issues.
2. Cultural Relevance: Vigilante Group of Nigeria, which comprises of many local vigilante groups integrate traditional practices and beliefs into their operations, making them more relatable and acceptable to community members.
3. Supplementary Role: While the Vigilante Group of Nigeria often work in collaboration with state security forces, the Group also function independently, especially in areas where state presence is minimal.

Functions of Vigilante Group of Nigeria (VGN)

• Crime Prevention: Vigilante Group of Nigeria (VGN) actively patrol neighborhoods, deter criminal activity, and provide immediate responses to incidents, often filling the gap left by state police.
• Community Engagement: The Group foster a sense of community solidarity and encourage residents to report crimes and suspicious activities.
• Conflict Resolution: In some cases, Vigilante Group of Nigeria (VGN) Members mediate local disputes, reducing the potential for violence and fostering social cohesion.

Vigilante Group of Nigeria (VGN) represent a grassroots response to security challenges, often filling gaps left by state policing. While they offer alternative security mechanisms and foster community resilience, the challenges they face necessitate careful consideration. As Nigeria continues to grapple with insecurity, balancing the roles of state and non-state actors will be crucial in creating a safer environment for all citizens.

1. Formal Recognition. In the face of high level of insecurity in Nigeria, government should consider formalizing the roles of Vigilante Group of Nigeria (VGN) as a component of the National Security Architecture.
2. Community Policing Initiatives: When the VGN Bill is signed into Law, it shall go a long way at strengthening partnerships between law enforcement agencies and VGN to enhance security and promote trust within communities.

By addressing these issues, Nigeria can better integrate vigilante Group of Nigeria (VGN) with other registered groups in States and Communities into a comprehensive security strategy that respects the rights of all citizens while effectively combating insecurity.

As seen from the historical account, the concept of vigilante justice is not new in Nigeria. Historically, communities have formed local groups to protect themselves in the absence of adequate police.
Apart from the organised VGN, other local Vigilante groups often arise from community concerns about safety. Local vigilante groups typically formed by local residents who volunteer their time and resources to patrol neighborhoods, gather intelligence, and report criminal activities to the police are largely members of Vigilante Group of Nigeria (VGN). These groups which majorly constitute VGN Membership strength range from loosely organized neighborhood watch systems to more structured entities with specific leadership and operational guidelines, which should be galvanized and integrated into the Vigilante Group of Nigeria (VGN) to serve as State Police.

Impact on Crime Rates

One of the primary roles of Vigilante Group of Nigeria (VGN) is to deter criminal activities. Their presence in neighborhoods can discourage potential criminals from engaging in unlawful behavior due to the fear of being caught. The visibility of VGN Officers and Men often leads to reduced crime rates in areas where they operate.

Community Engagement and Collaboration with Law Enforcement Agencies

In some cases, the Group collaborate with the Nigerian police and other security agencies. This partnership can enhance intelligence sharing and improve overall security responses. However, the relationship between vigilantes and law enforcement can be complex, as tensions sometimes arise from differing approaches to crime control.

Vigilante Group of Nigeria (VGN) has been operating as a legal Security Organisation complementing other security agencies, hence expecting its Bill passed by the 9th Assembly, to be acceleratedly reviewed by the 10th Assembly and be duly accorded Presidential Assent. Hence, we call on President Bola Ahmed Tinubu to consider assenting to the VGN Bill to become part of his achievements of the Renewed Hope Agenda on National Security.

Dr. Austin Akubo, anipr, is the Commander, Human Resources, VGN